Ion engines, photon engines, Hall pusher ... Mo Yu, let's first draw a boundary full of sci -fi concepts.
As of today, all human rocket engines rely on the reaction force of throwing things out to obtain power. Academic points are the law of constant momentum.
The existing physical theory is similar to the level of gravitational space as the god stick, and there is no engine principle outside the engine.
Therefore, for a long time, the engine has to be motivated by throwing things. The faster you throw, the greater the motivation.
Sorry, after so many years of Newton's third law.
Therefore, any engine that wants to go to heaven is designed around "how to throw fuel faster."
For example, the aircraft engine, in order to throw faster, desperately inverted the fuel, and the combustion required air, so a exhaust fan was installed in the engine. However, the oxygen content of the air is only 20%. Even if the pump compressing the air into a liquid plug into the burning room, there is actually not much oxygen, so the fuel injection speed is not fast, only a few hundred meters per second, which is simply for the rocket. It is the seam of the teeth.
The rocket engine comes with pure oxygen. Of course, the combustion is more sufficient, and the fuel jet speed can reach 2-5km/s. Unfortunately, after so many years, the best fuel is still liquid hydrogen oxygen. If you want to be faster, you have to use explosives.
The explosive speed of explosives is generally 7km/s, but using explosives as fuel, most people can't eat it.
Overall, if you do not consider the unrealistic full nitrogen anion salt, this is probably the limit of chemical fuel.
It was a bit abstract, and the monk came to show a hard core calculation. Assuming that 20 tons of goods are delivered to the near -ground track, the air resistance, potential energy and rockets are not considered without considering the weight of air:
If the fuel jet speed is 600m/s, it will need 10 million tons of fuel. This is the level of aircraft engines.
If the fuel injection speed is 2.5km/s, it will need 451 tons of fuel. This is the passing line of the current mainstream rocket.
If the fuel injection speed is 5km/s, it will need 77 tons of fuel. Close to the theoretical limit of current chemical fuel.
If the fuel injection speed is 30km/s, it will need 6 tons of fuel. Hall pusher's jet speed.
If the fuel jet speed is 300km/s, it only costs 534 kg fuel. It is said that this is the total potential of the ion engine that can be squeezed by existing technology.
However, in theory, as long as the voltage is large enough, ions can be infinitely close to the speed of light. For example, the collision function accelerates the particles to more than 99%of the speed of light. Only 532 grams of fuel.
The prospect is very beautiful, it should be poured below.
You may not have thought that the sci -fi device like an ion engine actually made it in NASA in 1959.
Kobman and the ion thrust in his hand
Its principle is similar to the electromagnetic cannon. As shown in the figure below: first inject mercury into the ionoscopic chamber, then the electronic gun is injected into the electron, and the electronic bombardment of the mercury atom is used to make mercury ions with the coil. Spit out the thrust.
Put another electronic gun near the exit, inject electrons into an ion beam, to sexually sexually become atoms. Otherwise, the ionic ions will be covered with the entire spacecraft, and the inside of the engine will accumulate electrons to generate static electricity, and various troubles will be accumulated.
Simply put, the principle is clear at a glance with electronic guns, and the principle is at a glance. However, considering the efficiency and corrosiveness, most of the pushing agents now use in inert gases.
In 1998, the "Deep Space No. 1" comet detector in the United States first used the ion engine as the main promotion system to fly on the deep space. The engine was only 8 kg. It took only 82 kilograms to fly for 20 months.
Electric arents do not have to be bombarded with electronic. For example, throwing salt into water can get chloride and sodium ions, and for example, microwaves can also directly ionize gas.
In 2019, there was a big news. The Japanese Bird No. 2 detector was successfully sampled by small asteroids 300 million kilometers away. The microwave ion engine was used, and the microwave ionization was used.
The asteroid landed, sampled, and rises, in one go
The principles and structures of the ion propeller are not complicated, but there are many problems. For example, the acceleration grille of the positive and negative electrode behind is very hindered. Not only is it inefficient, but it must also be affected by high -speed ions.
So everyone remembered Hall.
Compared with the simple ion pusher, the principle of the Hall pusher is a little brain burning, and the small pot friends can see a little.
Let's talk about the lower Hall effect: When the current passes in the magnetic field, the electron or ions will move horizontally, causing the conductor to have a horizontal potential difference. It's as if the water flow of the Yangtze River has a horizontal force, making the water level on the south bank higher than the north bank.
The advantage of this is that when electronics (negative) and ions (positive electricity) are mixed together, they can be separated by the Hall effect to accelerate one side. In other words, the Hall pusher coincides with the ionization part and acceleration part, that is, the magnetic field and the electric field are together, and the acceleration grille that was originally obstacle was abandoned.
In order to make the mixed electrons and ions each of them, the design of the magnetic field and electric field is obviously more exquisite, and the spray port has changed from one sieve to a ring structure.
The ion propeller and the Hall propeller are the two most mainstream applications. The difference between the two is clear at a glance.
The principle can be adjusted again, and many types can be divided, such as: pulse plasma propeller, magnetic plasma propeller, arc heating propeller, and so on.
The basic thinking is to ionize atoms first, and then bombard the electric field. As for the principle, this monk is only responsible for replenishing this group of German pictures, and how much you can understand it depends on your creation:
But to be honest, because it is essentially tossing ions, it is not wrong to be called "ion propeller" in general. In addition, the engine, thrust device, and pusher are just different names.
There is an advantage of ion pusher that is not picking, and the atoms of Yicheng can be used as a pushing agent. 剂 is the current mainstream propeller, but after all, people are rare gases and are very expensive. Therefore, other promotional agents are also very popular, such as zinc, nitrogen, iodine, magnesium, 铋, etc., the spectrals are different, and the evil is good -looking.
It seems that the situation is not bad. Why didn't the ion propeller not hear it before? This is of course because you are ignorant!
Although the ion propeller is a magnitude of a magnitude faster than the chemical engine, the sprayed things are too small. The final thrust is small and poor, so it uses the "cow" as a unit, which is similar to the strength of farting.
Therefore, from the ground to space, you have to rely on a chemical rocket, and to space is the stage of the ion pusher.
In 1998, the US Deep Space No. 1, the ion engine spraying speed was close to 30km/s, but only 100 grams of fuel can be sprayed throughout the day, and only increased the speed of 10m/s to the satellite. 9 grams of weight.
Fortunately, this thing is really long -lasting. I have accumulated for 14,000 hours. During the period, various accelerations and decelerations are accelerated.
The ion propeller is not really dark black technology, and the deep space is generally adopted. Generally speaking, even if it is "deep space" by 2 million kilometers away from the earth. In this kind of place, the bulky chemical rockets are root wastewood.
In 2007, the Dawn Dawn Star Detector in the United States, three ions pushing device, 92 mm cows, accumulated 6.9 billion kilometers for 11 years.
In 2018, the Bepicolombo Mercury detector launched by the European Aerospace Bureau, 4 ions propeller, a total of 290 mm cows, and planned to fly 9 billion kilometers in 7 years.
Although the European SMART-1 is only detecting the moon, it also uses an ion engine as the main promoter.
There are also the birds who take samples from the asteroid from 300 million kilometers away, and the four ions on the buttocks are particularly eye -catching.
In addition to flying deep space, there are no shortage of ion pusher. Because the ion propeller is used by power, it is also called electric push.
In 2015, SpaceX launched two full-electrical communication satellites and installed 4 XIPS-25 ion pusher with a thrust of 165 mm.
The two satellites climbed from the transfer track to a 36,000 -kilometer -high synchronous track from the transfer orbit:
Originally, this kind of trail near the earth was a chemical rocket, which can be completed in a few hours, but it must be brought more tons of fuel. The ion propeller is the opposite. The small and exquisite costs are low, but the track change process will last for several months.
Obviously, in recent years, everyone's patience has become better and better. The proportion of commercial satellites has risen sharply, and it is estimated that it has been more than half.
The threshold of the ion propeller is not high. T ion series, German RIT RF series, Russian SPT Hall series ...
If the previous businesses are robbed from the chemical rockets, then these work below is the ability to work.
Everyone may not expect that small thrust actually has the advantages: precise!
If you think about it, the chemical rocket gently blows up and storms, it is too difficult to grasp the strength. The thrust is small, but it can be accurately regulated, especially those with high accuracy requirements.
In 2009, the GOCE detector launched by the European Aerossean was unprecedentedly accurate to draw a gravity field. Due to the high measurement accuracy requirements, satellites must fly at a low track of about 250 kilometers, and this height has a lot of air molecules, and tiny air resistance will cause the height of the satellite to gradually decrease.
As a result, GOCE installed an ion propeller to offset the fine air resistance. This product continued to work for 2 years, allowing the satellite to keep the satellite on a accurate track, showing unparalleled advantages.
Today, the orbit positioning and control attitude are completely the world of ions. But this is not enough to be able to resist. The ion pusher is really here:
Remember how to detect the ground gravitational waves, and the gravitational waves make a displacement of 0.0000000000000000000000000001 meters. If you want to displacement more significantly, you have to increase the distance between the reflector. This distance on the earth cannot meet the requirements, so everyone thinks of space.
Laser interference space antenna LISA, the space gravitational wave detection plan of the United States and Ou Meng, intended to be completed in the 2030s, using 3 satellites to form a triangle of 2.5 million kilometers, and the laser runs for 25 seconds. Interested pot friends, give you an official website: https://lisa.nasa.gov/
Now that the problem is, the essence of gravitational wave detection is to measure tiny movement. If the satellite shakes itself, it will not be able to do it.
Therefore, satellites must be truly "static" in space and become super stable and super -stable platforms. Academic points are "no drag control" technology. In popular terms, it is to eliminate various interference for satellite.
For example, the optical pressure generated on the satellite in the sun, the small thrust generated by the cosmic rays to the satellite, the resistance of the air molecular sporadic stars escape to the space generated, and so on.
Needless to say, this kind of work is the ionic engine.
At the end of 2019, the Long March 4 sent China's "Tianqin No. 1" to the sky. The thrust accuracy accuracy of the ion engine reached 0.0000001 cattle. It successfully completed the drag control control flight verification and became the second country in the world to master the technology.
It is estimated that in 2035, a three -day satellite is used to form an equivalent triangle with an arm length of 170,000 kilometers at a height of 100,000 kilometers to build China's space gravitational wave detection system.
From the perspective of parameters, Tianqin is still a gap than LISA, but who makes us more money? The "Tai Chi Plan" with a distance of 3 million kilometers has been on the agenda ...
Although the ion engine can do not work much at present, it is more worth looking forward to than a chemical engine. We might as well look forward to it.
Science fiction films usually have a misunderstanding that the spacecraft drives the engine all the way to the moon and Mars. In fact, regardless of whether to go to the moon or Mars, the spacecraft accelerates to a certain speed near the earth, and then floats without motivation. Like intercontinental missiles, it is thrown over.
For example, Apollo's moon has drifted all the way from the earth to the moon, and the engine only worked for just 1010 seconds at the beginning, just ten minutes.
The efficiency of this rush is naturally touching. Taking the earth and Mars as an example, the nearest distance is about 55 million kilometers, and it usually has to float for two or three hundred days. In 2012, the American Curiosity Mars probe fell on the surface of Mars for 254 days.
Suppose the curiosity is not drifting, but the engine has been pushed over. How much time does it take? If the ground fire is simplified to a two -point acceleration deceleration process, comfortable service to Mars at a acceleration of a G, as long as 42 hours, it is equivalent to a green leather train.
In the same way, if we can continue to fly at an acceleration at a G: it takes only 3.5 hours to the moon, and Apollo takes 3 days; it only takes 16 days to the solar system, and the traveler No. 2 uses 12 full use 12 In the year; travelers who have already flew for 43 years and 21.1 billion kilometers away, only 24 days.
what is this concept? The solar system is equivalent to the Pacific Ocean in the era of great sailing, and human beings can finally touch the edge of the solar system.
Is this day far away?
Let's first clarify the goal: Taking the Tiangong No. 1 space station as an example, 3 people can live for a long time, weigh about 8 tons, to generate 1g acceleration, total thrust 80,000 cows, no matter how much tailing, a single thrust is also a single thrust, and a single thrust is also a single thrust. To the level of Wanniu.
China's first research on mercury ion pusher in 1974 is not too late; the developed LIPS-80 ion engine has won the first prize of national science and technology progress in 1978, and its achievements are not small. Then, it has stalled directly for 20 years ...
In fact, in the 1980s, considering economic conditions and strategies, a large number of high -tech projects were taken off. Transport aircraft, bombers, aircraft carriers, anti -directors, supercomputers, lithography machines ... hundreds of large and small.
A few more words here, many people's understanding of Tao Guang's obscure is, saying a set of lips, secretly doing a set. This really underestimates the US intelligence agency. It does not break his arms and dry more shirts and shoes. The United States will not rest assured to go to the Middle East to fish for oil and Maozi.
In 1999, the research on ion electrical promotion was restarted. In 2004, my country's first 200mm ion pusher protagonist was released, and it took a 20 -year lesson.
"Practice" is a scientific test satellite, and many aerospace technologies are verified on this platform.
In 2012, "Practice No. 9" A/B double star, for the first time using an ion pusher, 40 mm cows, and the spray speed of 30km/s, which is considered to catch up with the international level.
The "Practice 20\\ Dual -mode, successfully stepped into the first echelon.
The larger 400mm Lips-400 has completed the test of the prototype, with a thrust of 336 mm, the number of switches, cumulative life, power adjustment, and efficiency are great.
It was delayed for 20 years, and after 20 years of evil, I finally could hold the wrist with the US emperor.
The ion pushing device has advanced, and the Hall pusher is not idle.
From the HET-40 a few years ago, to the recent 20-kilowatthaol pusher, the thrust rose from dozens of cows to 1 cow, and the efficiency reached 70%, which is gratifying.
Here, I mocked the media of my country's first bull -class Hall thrustr in the world, because the industry benchmark is still the United States.
In 2017, NASA tested the X3 Hall propeller, with a power of 100 kilowatts, and the thrust reached a record 5.4 cattle. This product has three nested concentric ring channels. There are more ions that can be sprayed, and the thrust is naturally greater.
It is worth noting that my country uses 20 kilowatts to produce a thrust of 1 cow, and the US Emperor X3 uses 100 kilowatts to generate 5.4 cows. The efficiency of the two is comparable. Except that the thrust is not as good as the United States, other performances are almost different.
When you wake up, 100 kilowatts are equivalent to the engine power of the car, but you can only mention an apple here ... But it is worth the units to use the "cow".
By the way, how much do we just say that the goal is? 10,000 cows? This is really a sad topic ...
The thrust of the ion engine depends not only on the ion jet speed, but also the ion density. Although the Hall advanceer has made great progress, the sprayed ions are still poor, so the thrust is not going, and the application is limited.
In order to increase thrust, scientists thought of a wonderful idea: Vasimr, a variable than magnetic plasma engine.
The core difference is that before the ion was accelerated by the electric field, the microwave was heated to 1 million degrees. The microscopic essence of the temperature is the particle speed. This high -temperature plasma is a bunch of high -speed chaotic ions. As long as the electromagnetic field is used to guide the chaotic ions to one direction, the spray speed can be greatly increased.
There are many advantages than magnetic plasma engines: first, the ion density is high; second, the spraying speed can reach 300km/s; third, water carbon dioxide can be used as a pushing agent; and so on. It is a bit large:
However, Vasimr's block is not long, and the power of 100 kilowatts of the power is the highest record of Hall pusher.
Although the energy utilization rate of Vasimr is similar to the Hall propeller, it is about 0.05 cattle pushing for about 0.05 cattle per kilowatt, and it is difficult to mix in the sky with high power consumption.
At present, the variable comparison magnetic plasma engine seems to be only the previous trip to the United States. At that time, we estimate that we still carry forward the glorious tradition: touching the U.S. Emperor Crossing the river.
Finally, there is a neglected arithmetic question.
Satellites rely on solar power generation, and 100 kW of power requires a solar panel of 300 square meters. According to this ratio, 80,000 cows need 1.5 million kilowatts, and the solar panel is 450 million square meters! Not to mention the cost, the weight of light increase must be pulled down the propeller.
To serve this large power consumption, the solar is unreliable, I am afraid that there is only nuclear fusion. Speaking of controllable nuclear fusion, this is another sad topic ...
Now that this incident has been torn nuclear fusion, there is no reason not to say a rocket engine that stays in the legendary rocket.
In summary, ion engines are essentially accelerated with electromagnetic fields. At present, the theoretical limit is 300km/s of Vasimr. There is still a lot of room for rise in the speed limit of 300,000 km/s.
However, the energy utilization rate is not high. It is like using gasoline to generate electricity, and then use an electric motor to drive the car.
As a result, some people proposed an engine idea that was shocked by heaven and man: the high -temperature plasma after the fusion reaction was directly cited as a pushing agent. At this spray speed, as long as 4 grams of fuel is sprayed per second, the thrust reaches 80,000 cattle.
Although the fusion direct -injection engine is still technical, anyway, the theory has been here, even if the physics has not made a breakthrough, it will still be hopeful for hundreds of years.
If one day, human beings have achieved the goal of continuing interstellar flight at a 1G acceleration. It is only 4.22 light years to the half -man Masa Samsung to the solar system.
Article Source: Reprinted elementary school monks from Lao and Mountain
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